1. If people proclaim something, they formally make it known to the public. (Collins) to announce or declare in an official or formal manner (Webster) France proclaims 600th anniversary of Joan of Arc. (フランス、ジャンヌ・ダルク生誕600周…

announce: tell people about something publicly or officially She was planning to announce her engagement to Peter. (彼女はピーターとの婚約を発表する予定だった） (Collins COBUILD)（特に都合の悪い）情報や意図を伝える場合にも使われます。(=dec…

If you remark that something is the case, you say that it is the case. I remarked that I would go shopping that afternoon.(私はその日の午後に買い物に行くと言った） ★Websterでは、say casually, as in making a commentとあります。発言が必ずし…

refer（つづき）今日は他動詞用法のreferを分析します。If a person who is ill is referred to a hospital or a specialist, they are sent there by a doctor in order to be treated. Patients are mostly referred to hospital by their general practit…

今日はrefer toの用法を扱います。If you refer to a particular subject or person, you talk about them or mention them. In his speech, he referred to a recent trip to Canada. ★「〜について触れる」「話す」。to direct attention usually by clear…

mention (つづき)If someone is mentioned in writing, a reference is made to them by name, often to criticize or praise something that they have done. (Collins) I was absolutely outraged that I could be even mentioned in an article of this k…

mention: If you mention something, you say something about it, usually briefly. (Collins) to refer briefly to; name, specify, or speak of (Webster) Don't forget to mention her contribution to the project. (プロジェクトに対する彼女の貢献度…

ARGUE, DEBATE, DISCUSS imply using reasons or proofs to support or refute an assertion, proposition, or principle. (ARGUE、DEBATE、DISCUSSは、理由や証拠に基づいて主張、提案、信条に賛成または反対する） ARGUE implies presenting one's reasons…

[整理4] demand, claim, requireDEMAND, CLAIM, REQUIRE imply making an authoritative request. （DEMAND, CLAIM, REQUIREには、威圧的な要求をするというニュアンスがある。）To DEMAND is to ask in a bold, authoritative way: to demand an explanatio…

[整理3] 先日扱ったallege, stateに加えて、類語としてaver, holdを比較・研究。以下Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionaryより。MAINTAIN, ASSERT, AVER, ALLEGE, HOLD, STATE all mean to express an opinion, judgment, or position. (MAINTAIN, …

[整理2] 先日扱ったmaintain, assertに加えて、類語としてdefend, vindicate, justifyを比較・研究。以下Merriam Webster Collegiateより。MAINTAIN, ASSERT, DEFEND, VINDICATE, JUSTIFY mean to uphold as true, right, just, or reasonable. (MAINTAIN, A…

[整理1] 先日扱ったassert, declare, affirmに加えて、類語としてprotest, avowを比較・研究。以下Merriam Webster Collegiateより。ASSERT, DECLARE, AFFIRM, PROTEST, AVOW mean to state positively usually in anticipation of denial or objection. (AS…

affirm：（証拠や信仰に基づいて）あくまでも真実であると確信して公に言明するIf you affirm that something is true or that something exists, you state firmly and publicly that it is true or exists. (FORMAL) ★ポイント★ 以下、Websterの用例より t…

assert (つづき)If you assert your authority, you make it clear by your behaviour that you have authority. After the war, the army made an attempt to assert its authority in the south of the country. (戦後、軍は南部地域で管轄権を行使しよう…

assert：通例(客観的証拠がないのに)個人的な確信から大胆に言明するIf someone asserts a fact or belief, they state it firmly. The defendants, who continue to assert their innocence, are expected to appeal. (被告人は無実を主張し続けており、上…

maintain：強く自分の意見を主張。反論をものともせず主張し続けるというニュアンスIf you say that someone maintains that something is true, you mean that they have stated their opinion strongly but not everyone agrees with them or believes the…

declare (つづき)If you declare something, you state officially and formally that it exists or is the case. ★ポイント★ to announce officially ; proclaim [公式に発表する] ; to declare a state of emergency (緊急事態を宣言する) ; to declare a …

declare：公的に(時に反対意見に対抗して)言明するIf you declare that something is true, you say that it is true in a firm, deliberate way. You can also declare an attitude or intention. (WRITTEN)・ ★ポイント★ 自由あるいは公的な言明であること…

state：正式に、書面あるいは口頭ではっきりと伝えるIf you state something, you say or write it in a formal or definite way. (=declare) Clearly state your address and telephone number. (住所と電話番号を明確に述べなさい) (=declare) The police …

If you argue with someone about something, you discuss it with them, with each of you giving your different opinions. They are arguing over foreign policy. (彼らは外交政策について議論している) ★ポイント★ argueは「節度ある議論」というニュア…

argue：明確な理由を挙げて考えや意見を述べるIf you argue that something is true, you state it and give the reasons why you think it is true. His lawyers are arguing that he is unfit to stand trial. (弁護士集団は彼には責任能力がないと主張し…

discuss：何かを決めるために話し合うIf people discuss something, they talk about it, often in order to reach a decision. I will be discussing the situation with colleagues tomorrow. (明日、同僚と現状について話し合うつもりだ) If you discuss …

utter：（考えや感情を伝えるために）音や言葉を発する If someone utters sounds or words, they say them. (LITERARY) They departed without uttering a word. (言葉も交わさずに別れた) communicate：考えや感情を相手が分かるように伝える If you commu…

voice：ある事柄に対する感想や感情を述べる If you voice something such as an opinion or an emotion, you say what you think or feel. (=express) Some scientists have voiced concern that the disease could be passed on to humans. (その病気が人…

If someone claims a record, title, or prize, they gain or win it. (JOURNALISM) Steffi Graf claimed a fourth Wimbledon title in 1992. (シュテフィ・グラフは1992年にウィンブルドンで4度目のタイトルを獲得した) ★ポイント★ 「主張」のニュアンスが…

claim：本人が一方的に正当性を主張する（読み手はそうでないと考えており、第三者が検証できない） If you say that someone claims that something is true, you mean they say that it is true but you are not sure whether or not they are telling the…

allege：証拠を示さずに伝える（悪事や違法行為など） If you allege that something bad is true, you say it but do not prove it. (FORMAL) The public official was alleged to be members of an illegal secret society. (その官僚は違法な秘密結社のメ…